Oxidized Glutatione
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CAS No.: 27025-41-8
TYPE: JP GRADE & USP GRADE
BRAND: ZNCBIO
MOQ: 10 KGS
Introduction of Oxidized Glutatione
Oxidized Glutathione (GSSG), also known as oxidized glutathione, is a stable dimer formed by the combination of two molecules of reduced glutathione (GSH) through a disulfide bond. It is a core component of the redox system in living organisms. As an important biomarker of cellular oxidative stress levels, GSSG can be recycled into reduced glutathione under the action of glutathione reductase, participating in maintaining the redox balance of the body.
This product appears as a white to off-white crystalline powder, is readily soluble in water, and has stable physical and chemical properties. It is widely used in biomedicine, cell biology research, cosmetics, and functional foods. In biological systems, it participates in key physiological processes such as protein correct folding, metabolism and clearance of exogenous toxins, and cellular antioxidant protection. In in vitro applications, it is often used as a biochemical reagent for oxidative stress detection, enzyme activity determination, and protein refolding studies. It features high purity, low impurities, and good biocompatibility, making it an important raw material for scientific research and the development of high-end preparations.
Basic Information of Oxidized Glutatione
| Items | Result |
|---|---|
| Appearance | White to off-white (Solid) |
| Purity | ≥99.0% |
| Water(KF) | 0.13% |
| Molecular Formula | C20H32N6O12S2 |
| Molecular Weight | 612.63 |
| Storage | Sealed storage, away from moisture |
Function of Oxidized Glutatione
Oxidized Glutathione (GSSG), the primary form of glutathione in the body after it exerts its antioxidant function, although having a weaker antioxidant activity than its reduced form (GSH), plays an irreplaceable physiological role in redox cycling, cellular protection, metabolic detoxification, and tissue repair. It also features stability, safety, and easy absorption and utilization in external applications.
1. Maintaining Redox Balance and Alleviating Oxidative Stress
GSSG serves as a key indicator of the body’s oxidative stress level. It can be rapidly reduced to GSH under the action of glutathione reductase and NADPH, enabling its recycling. Supplementing exogenous GSSG can increase the total glutathione reserve in the body, indirectly enhancing the cells’ ability to clear free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reducing oxidative damage caused by ultraviolet radiation, pollution, lack of sleep, and inflammation.
2. Liver Protection and Detoxification
In collaboration with GSH, it participates in phase II detoxification reactions in the liver, promoting the conjugation and excretion of harmful substances such as heavy metals, drug metabolites, alcohol metabolites, and environmental toxins. It reduces lipid peroxidation in liver cells, stabilizes the liver cell membrane, and has an auxiliary protective effect against chemical and drug-induced liver damage. It also improves abnormal liver function indicators caused by elevated oxidative stress and maintains normal liver metabolic functions.
3. Antioxidant and Skin Brightening Repair
By increasing the level of GSH in the body, it inhibits tyrosinase activity, reduces melanin production and deposition, thereby brightening the skin and improving dullness. It eliminates free radicals in the skin, alleviates photoaging, fine lines, and roughness, and enhances the skin barrier function. It promotes the stability of skin collagen, reduces post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, and assists in repairing sensitive and damaged skin.
4. Eye Tissue Protection and Repair
It maintains the redox homeostasis of eye tissues, reduces oxidative damage to the lens and cornea, and helps delay the development of early age-related cataracts. It promotes the repair of corneal epithelial cells, alleviates eye fatigue, dryness, and oxidative damage, and is often used as a raw material in ophthalmic preparations.
5. Enhancing Immune Cell Function
It maintains the normal activity of immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages by regulating the intracellular oxidative environment, thereby enhancing the body’s resistance. It reduces the oxidative stress caused by inflammatory responses and helps improve chronic inflammatory conditions, supporting the stable operation of the immune system.
6. Promoting Protein Folding and Cell Repair
It participates in disulfide bond formation in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells, assisting in the correct folding of proteins and reducing cell damage caused by misfolded proteins. It is commonly used in the refolding of recombinant proteins in biopharmaceuticals and the regulation of the redox environment in cell experiments, serving as an important bioactive protective factor.
7. Anti-Fatigue and Improvement of Physical Function
It reduces the excessive free radicals produced during exercise or metabolism, alleviates muscle soreness and fatigue. It maintains mitochondrial function, enhances energy metabolism efficiency, and improves conditions such as fatigue and poor mental state caused by oxidative stress.
Application of Oxidized Glutatione
Oxidized Glutatione is an oxidoreduction regulatory substance naturally present in the body, with superior stability compared to reduced glutathione (GSH), and can be reconverted into GSH by reductase to exert its functions. Due to its high safety, good biocompatibility, and stable physicochemical properties, it is widely used in various fields such as medicine, cosmetics, cell biology research, food health care, biopharmaceuticals, agriculture, etc.
1. Application in the medical and clinical field
1. Liver protection and detoxification
After entering the body, GSSG can be converted into GSH and participate in the second-phase conjugation reaction of the liver, promoting:
Excretion of heavy metal ions
Detoxification of drug metabolites
Repair of alcoholic liver damage
Auxiliary protection of chemical liver damage
It is often used in liver protection preparations and detoxification drug raw materials.
2. Auxiliary treatment of eye diseases
GSSG can maintain the oxidation balance of eye tissues, reduce oxidative damage to the lens and cornea, and is mainly used for:
Auxiliary improvement of early senile cataract
Corneal epithelial repair
Relief of eye fatigue, dryness, and oxidative damage
It is an important functional raw material for eye drops and eye care gels.
3. Auxiliary treatment of oxidation and anti-inflammation
By regulating the cellular oxidation-reduction state, GSSG can:
Reduce free radical damage in inflammatory responses
Auxiliary improve skin inflammation, mucosal damage
Support antioxidant protection for patients undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy
Suitable for antioxidant drugs and postoperative recovery preparations.
4. Rescue of heavy metal and toxic substance poisoning
As an important component of the glutathione system, GSSG can enhance the body’s ability to metabolize and eliminate:
Lead, mercury, arsenic and other heavy metals
Organic solvents, environmental toxins
For rescue of poisoning.
2. Application in cosmetics and skin care
GSSG has strong stability and is not easily oxidized and damaged, and is a commonly used raw material in high-end skin care products.
1. Whitening and brightening, improving dullness
By increasing the level of GSH in the body, inhibiting tyrosinase activity, reducing melanin formation and deposition, it is used for:
Whitening essence
Brightening face cream
Anti-aging products
2. Anti-oxidation, anti-photoaging
Clearing free radicals in the skin, resisting oxidative damage caused by ultraviolet rays and pollution, improving: Fine lines
Rough
Dark yellow complexion
Loose skin
3. Repairing the skin barrier
Enhancing the stability of the stratum corneum, reducing redness and stinging in sensitive skin, applicable to:
Repairing essence
Relieving mask
Medical beauty aftercare products
3. Health food and dietary supplements
1. Whole-body antioxidant health care
Improving oxidative stress caused by staying up late and high stress
Enhancing the body’s antioxidant capacity
Delaying aging and enhancing energy
2. Liver-protecting health supplements
Suitable for long-term drinkers, night owls, and people taking medication, as an antioxidant protection component for the liver.
3. Immunoregulatory health supplements
By maintaining the oxidative environment of immune cells, enhancing the body’s resistance, used in immune support formulations.
4. Biological research and cell experiment applications
GSSG is a standard reagent for cell redox research, with very core applications:
1. Oxidative stress model construction
By regulating the ratio of GSH/GSSG, simulating the oxidative stress state of cells, used for:
Aging research
Inflammatory mechanism research
Antioxidant drug screening
2. Enzyme activity detection
As a substrate or indicator for glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), used in biochemical kits.
3. Protein folding and refolding
Promoting disulfide bond formation in the endoplasmic reticulum simulation system, used for:
Recombinant protein refolding
Antibody, enzyme preparation production
Biopharmaceutical inclusion body refolding process
4. Cell culture additives
Maintaining intracellular redox balance, increasing cell survival rate, commonly used in stem cell and immune cell culture.
5. Biopharmaceuticals and industrial biotechnology
1. Biopharmaceutical production auxiliaries
Used for the stable protection of protein drugs, vaccines, and antibodies, reducing oxidative inactivation.
2. Fermentation industry auxiliaries
Regulating the intracellular oxidative state of microorganisms, increasing the yield of fermentation products, such as amino acids, enzyme preparations, etc.
6. Agriculture and plant protection applications
GSSG can enhance the plant’s stress resistance, used as a biological stimulant:
Enhancing drought resistance, cold resistance, salt tolerance
Reducing oxidative damage caused by pesticides and environmental stress
Promoting crop growth and increasing yield
Applicable to foliar fertilizers, plant growth regulators.
7. Veterinary medicine and animal breeding
Improving the antioxidant capacity of livestock and poultry
Reducing liver damage caused by feed toxins, stress
Improving immunity and growth performance
Can be used as feed additives, animal health supplements.
Who Cannot Use Oxidized Glutathione?
1. Those who are allergic to glutathione or the excipients of this product should not use it.
If allergic reactions such as rash, itching, or breathing difficulties occur, they must not continue to use it.
2. Patients with severe liver or kidney failure should not use it or use it under strict medical supervision as it is metabolized through liver and kidney excretion. Those with severe functional impairment may experience an increased metabolic burden when using it.
3. Pregnant women and lactating women should not use it without clear medical guidance. The safety data is insufficient and self-use is not recommended.
4. Infants and children should not use it as there are no applicable dosage and safety studies. They should not take or apply it arbitrarily.
5. Patients with bleeding tendencies or coagulation disorders should use it with caution / avoid it. Glutathione-like substances may slightly affect the oxidative environment related to coagulation, and should be used under the supervision of a doctor.
6. Those taking anticoagulant drugs (such as warfarin) should not use it or must follow medical advice to avoid a synergistic effect that increases the risk of bleeding.
7. Asthmatic patients should use it with caution, and those with severe respiratory allergies should avoid it. A few people may induce airway discomfort or allergic reactions.
8. It is not allowed to be mixed with strong oxidizing drugs or disinfectants. Reactions may occur, resulting in structural damage, failure, or the production of irritants.
9. The original powder should not be taken orally directly, applied directly to damaged skin or mucous membranes. High-concentration raw materials will cause irritation and must be made into compliant preparations for use.
10. Eye preparations must be used with medicinal-grade GSSG, cosmetic-grade, or industrial-grade products. They must not be used on the eyes, otherwise, it may cause corneal irritation, inflammation, or even damage.
Contact Details
SHANGHAI ZNCBIO
Precautions for Oxidized Glutathione
I. Storage and Stability Precautions
Although oxidized glutathione is more stable than reduced glutathione (GSH), it is still prone to absorbing moisture and becoming damp and lumpy. It should be stored in a sealed and dry environment.
It is recommended to store it in a cool, dark, and low-temperature (2-8°C) place. Avoid high temperatures, direct sunlight, and prevent degradation and discoloration.
Use it as soon as it is opened and seal the remaining product promptly to prevent moisture absorption and contamination, which may affect purity and activity.
Do not store it together with strong oxidants, strong acids, or strong bases, as this may lead to chemical reactions and loss of effectiveness.
II. Production and Formula Application Precautions
Dissolution and Preparation
It is soluble in water and the aqueous solution is weakly acidic. It is recommended to dissolve it with purified water.
Avoid dissolving at high temperatures or heating for a long time to prevent structural damage.
Incompatibility
Try to avoid direct combination with strong oxidizing raw materials (such as high-concentration hydrogen peroxide, strong oxidizing preservatives).
In cosmetic and formulation recipes, conduct compatibility stability tests in advance to confirm system compatibility.
pH Range
It is suitable for use in neutral or weakly acidic environments. Extreme pH environments may lead to stability decline and affect the use effect.
III. Human Use and Safety Precautions
This product is a raw material grade substance and is not a directly edible finished product. Oral and external use require dilution and preparation according to the corresponding formulation specifications. Do not use the raw powder directly.
People with allergic constitutions should use it with caution. It is recommended to perform a skin patch test before use. If allergic reactions such as redness, itching, etc. occur, stop using immediately and wash.
Pregnant women, lactating women, infants, and children should not use it without a clear safety assessment.
When used in eye-related formulations, only use pharmaceutical-grade high-purity raw materials. Strictly control microorganisms and endotoxins to avoid irritation of the eye mucosa.
Oral products should follow the recommended dosage. Excessive intake may cause gastrointestinal discomfort, such as nausea, abdominal distension, diarrhea, etc.
IV. Operating and Protective Precautions
It is recommended to wear a mask and gloves during production operations to avoid inhalation of raw material dust or prolonged direct skin contact.
Avoid dust flying and maintain ventilation in the operation environment to prevent respiratory tract discomfort after inhalation.
If it accidentally enters the eyes, immediately rinse with a large amount of water. Seek medical treatment if necessary.
V. Application Scope and Compliance Precautions
Different levels of raw materials (research grade, cosmetic grade, food grade, pharmaceutical grade) cannot be mixed. Use them strictly according to the declared purpose.
When used in cosmetics, health supplements, or medicines, comply with local regulations on limits and raw material standards, and provide complete COA, quality inspection reports, etc. qualifications.
It cannot replace drugs for the treatment of severe liver diseases, severe eye diseases, etc. It can only be used as a functional raw material as an auxiliary.
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